1.a. Define the following dynamic characteristics of instruments and mention for which types of measurements they have to be considered?

1. Speed of Response.

2. Lag.

3. Fidelity.

4. Dynamic Error.

1.b. Draw a neat diagram of LCR - Q meter and explain its operating principle.

1.c. Explain the function of delay line in cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) with neat diagram.

1.d. Describe operating principle of heterodyne wave analyzer with a neat block diagram.

1.e. With a neat diagram, explain the principle of digital time measurement.

1.f. Describe in brief, the classification/types of transducers.

2.a. The true value of the voltage across a resistor in a circuit is 10 V when it is calculated by mathematical analysis. Measuring the same voltage by six different random individuals (but all with the same digital multimeter ) gives the following results as shown:

Observation No.	Measured Values
1	10.25V
2	10.05V
3	9.9V
4	9.95V
5	10.15V
6	9.85V

a. Calculate the percentage error for the fourth observation.

b. Calculate the accuracy for the second observation.

c. Determine the precision of the fifth observation.

d. Calculate the standard deviation $(\sigma)$ for the above observations.

e. Calculate the average deviation $(d_{avg})$ for the above observations.

2.b. Draw a neat labelled circuit diagram of Wien Bridge and derive the mathematical expression for the unknown AC source frequency.

3.a. Explain the basic cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) with neat labelled block diagram and describe all its individual sections briefly

3.b. Explain how Lissajous patterns / figures are used for measurement of an unknown frequency and phase shift using a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) with neat labelled diagrams.

4.a. With a neat labelled block diagram, describe the construction and operation of a ramp type digital voltmeter (DVM) with appropriate waveforms.

4.b. With a neat labelled block diagram, describe the spectrum analyzer construction and operation.

5.a. Write a short note on the linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) with a reference to its construction, operation / working and characteristics while mentioning its applications.

5.b. Explain the ultrasonic level measurement transducer with a neat block diagram with respect to construction and operation

6.a. Describe the rotameter transducer for the measurement of flow with a neat diagram. What are its advantages and disadvantages.

6.b. How are thermistors (thermally sensitive resistor) different form the resistance temperature detectors (RTD) although both of them use same operating principle of converting temperature variations $(\Delta T)$ into resistance variations $(\Delta R)$ ? Describe construction, operation, characteristics and applications of thermistors with neat sketch wherever necessary.