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Evaluate $ \int \frac{z - 1}{z^2 + 2z + 5} $ dz over the curve C

Where C is:

(i) |z|=1

(ii) |z+1+i|=2

(iii) |z+1-i|=2

Subject: Applied Mathematics 4

Topic: Complex Integration

Difficulty: Medium

1 Answer
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For poles, $z^2 + 2z + 5 = 0 $

$ z = \frac{-2 \pm \sqrt{2^2 - 4(1)(5)}}{2} \\ = \frac{-2 \pm \sqrt{-16}}{2} \\ = \frac{-2 \pm 4i}{2} = -1 \pm 2i \\ \therefore z = -1+2i,-1-2i $

Therefore, z = (-1,2) & z =(-1,-2) are the two poles.

Let, A(-1,2) and B(-1,-2)

(i) |z| = 1

c = (0,0) and r = 1

d(Ac) = $ \sqrt{(0+1)^2 + (0-2)^2} = \sqrt{1+4} = \sqrt{5} \gt 1 $

Therefore, A lies outside the circle.

d(Bc) = $ \sqrt{(0+1)^2 + (0+2)^2} = \sqrt{1+4} = \sqrt{5} \gt 1 $

Therefore,B lies outside the circle.

Both the poles lie outside the circle |z|=1

Therefore, by Cauchy's theorem, $ \int_c \frac{z-1}{z^2 + 2z + 5} \,\, dz = 0 $

(ii) |z+1+i| = 2

z+1+i=0, therefore, z= -1-i and r = 2

Therefore, centre = (-1,-1), r = 2

d(Ac) = $ \sqrt{(-1+1)^2 + (2+1)^2} = \sqrt{3^2} = 3 \gt 2 $

d(Bc) = $ \sqrt{(-1+1)^2 + (-2+1)^2} = \sqrt{(-1)^2} = 1 \lt 2 $

Therefore, A lies outside the circle while B lies inside the circle.

Therefore residue of f(z) at z = -1-2i is

$ lim_{z \to (-1-2i)} (z+1+2i)[\frac{z-1}{z^2+2z+5}] \\ = lim_{z \to (-1-2i)} (z+1+2i)[\frac{z-1}{(z+1-2i)(z+1+2i)} \\ = \frac{-1-2i-1}{-1-2i+1-2i} = \frac{-2-2i}{-4i} = \frac{-1-i}{-2i} = \frac{1-i}{2} $

$ \therefore \int_c \frac{z-1}{z^2+2z+5} \,\, dz = 2 \pi i[\frac{1-i}{2}] = \pi i(1-i) $

(iii) |z+1-i| = 2

For centre (z+1-i) = 0, z = -1+i

Therefore, centre = (-1,1), r = 2

Therefore, the poles are a(-1,2) and B(-1-2)

d(Ac) = $ \sqrt{(-1+1)^2 + (1-2)^2} = \sqrt{(-1)^2} = 1 \lt 2 $

Therefore, A lies inside the circle.

d(Bc) = $ \sqrt{(-1+1)^2 + (-2-1)^2} = \sqrt{(-3)^2} = 3 \gt 2 $

Therefore, B lies outside the circle.

Residue of f(z) at z = -1+2i is

$ \lim_{z \to (-1+2i)} (z+1-2i)[\frac{z-1}{(z+1-2i)(z+1+2i)}] \\ = \frac{-1+2i-1}{-1+2i+1+2i} = \frac{-2+2i}{4i} = \frac{-2(1+i)}{-4} = \frac{1}{2}(1+i) $

$ \therefore \int_c \frac{z-1}{z^2+2z+5} = 2 \pi i (\frac{1+i}{2}) = \pi i (1+i) $

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