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Introduction to Cryptography
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The OSI (Open System Interconnection) security architecture provides a systematic framework for defining security attacks, mechanisms & services.

  1. Security Attacks: They are classified as either passive attacks (which include the unauthorized reading of a message, of file and traffic analysis) or active attacks such as modifications of messages or files & denial of services.

  2. Security Mechanisms: It is any process that is designed to detect, prevent or recover from a security attack.

    Eg: encryption algorithm, digital signature & authentication protocols

  3. Security Services: It includes authentication, access control, data confidentiality, data integrity, non-repudiation & availability.

Cryptographic and network security focuses on two broad areas:

  1. Cryptographic Algorithms and Protocols (which have a broad range of applications)

  2. Network Security & Internet Security (which rely heavily on cryptographic techniques)

Cryptographic algorithms and protocols can be grouped into four main areas:

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  • Symmetric encryption: Used to conceal the contents of blocks or streams of data of any size, including messages, files, encryption keys, and passwords.

  • Asymmetric encryption: Used to conceal small blocks of data, such as encryption keys and hash function values, which are used in digital signatures.

  • Data integrity algorithms: Used to protect blocks of data, such as messages from alteration.

  • Authentication protocols: These are schemes based on the use of cryptographic algorithms designed to authenticate the identity of entities.

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