1.a. Show that the ratio of flow rate, $\mathrm{Ql} / \mathrm{Q} 2=(1+\cos \theta) /(1-\cos \theta)$ for the impact of jet on stationary flat plate inclined at $\theta^{0}$ to the direction of the horizontal jet. Where $Q 1=$ upward directed flow rate and $Q 2=$ downward directed flow rate.

1.b. What is the difference between the impulse and reaction turbine?

2.a. Classify water turbines in brief.

2.b. The mean bucket speed of a Pelton wheel is 40 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ and the discharge is 1.2 $\mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{sec} .$ The head over the turbine is 385 $\mathrm{m}$ . The head loss due to friction in penstock is 9 $\mathrm{m}$ . The bucket deflects the jet through 165$\%$ If the coefficient of velocity of nozzle is 0.9 Detemine i) Power developed by the turbine and ii) Hydraulic efficiency of turbine, Neglect bucket friction.

3.a. Discuss main characteristics of the Pelton wheel.

3.b. A Kaplan turbine runner has outer diameter of 4.5 m and the diameter of the hub is 2 $\mathrm{m}$ . It is required to develop 20.6 $\mathrm{MW}$ when running at 150 $\mathrm{rpm},$ under a head of 21 $\mathrm{m}$ . Assuming hydraulic efficiency of 94$\%$ and overall efficiency of 88$\%$ . determine the runner vane angle at inlet and exit at the mean diameter of the vane.

4.a. Write a short note on selection of turbines.

4.b. Particulars of the reaction turbine are given below Head of the turbine is $180 \mathrm{m},$ Inlet diameter is $4.25 \mathrm{m},$ Outlet diameter is $2.75 \mathrm{m},$ Inlet vane angle is 120 $\mathrm{deg} .$ Velocity of flow at outlet is $16 \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s},$ hydraulic efficiency is 92$\%$ , width of wheel is same at inlet and outlet, Discharge is radial at outlet calculate the speed of the turbine.

5.a. Write a difference between throttle and nozzle governing used in steam turbines and explain with neat sketch of nozzle governing.

5.b. Steam issues from the nozzles of an angle of 20 deg at a velocity of 440 $\mathrm{m} /$ $\mathrm{s}$ , the friction factor is 0.9 , for a single stage turbine designed for a maximum efficiency determine (i) Blade velocity (ii) moving blade angles for equiangular blades ( iii) Blade efficiency (iv) stage efficiency if the nozzle efficiency is 93$\%$ \& power developed for mass flow rate of 3 $\mathrm{kg} / \mathrm{s} . \quad$

6.a. Discuss reheat factor with the help of T.S, diagram.

6.b. Following data refer to the signle row of impulse steam turbine mean diameter of the blade ring $=1.1 \mathrm{m}$ , Speed $=3000$ rpm, Nozzle angle $=17$ deg. ratio of blade velocity to the steam velocity $=0.45,$ blade friction factor $=0.82,$ Blade angle at exit is less by 3 deg to that at inlet, steam mass flow rate $=10.2 \mathrm{Kg} /$ S. Drawa velocity diagram and find the following (i) Blade angles at inlet and outlet (ii) Tangential force (iii) Axial force (iv) Resultant force(v) Power developed.

7.a. Explain with neat sketch any two types of impellers used in centrifugal pump.

7.b. The impeller of the centrifugal pump has an outer diameter of 250 $\mathrm{mm}$ and an effective area of the 0.017 $\mathrm{m}^{2}$ . The blades are bent backward so that the direction of outlet relative velocity makes an angle of 148 $\mathrm{deg}$ with the tangent drawn in the direction of impeller rotation, The diameters of suction and delivery pipes are 150 $\mathrm{mm}$ and 100 $\mathrm{mm}$ respectively. The pump delivers 0.031 $\mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{s}$ at 1450 $\mathrm{rpm}$ when suction and delivery lifts are 4.6 $\mathrm{m}$ and 18 $\mathrm{m}$ respectively. The head losses in the suction and delivery pipes are 2 $\mathrm{m}$ and 2.9 $\mathrm{m}$ respectively. The motor driving the pump delivers 10KW.Assuming that water enters the pump without shock and whirl Determine (i) Manometric efficiency and (ii) The overall Efficiency of the pump.

8.a. Discuss the significance of the effect of outlet blade angle on performance of centrifugal pump.

8.b. Three stage centrifugal pump has impellers 40 cm diameter and 2 $\mathrm{cm}$ wide at outlet. The vanes are curved back at the outlet at 45 $\mathrm{deg}$ and reduce the circumferential area by 10$\%$ .Its Manometric efficiency is 90$\%$ and overall efficiency is 80$\%$ Determine the head generated by the pump when running at 1000 rpm.Delivering 50 LPS. What should be the shaft power and specific speed?

8.c. Tests on a pump model indicate a Thomas cavitation factor is 0.1 $\mathrm{A}$ homologous unit is installed at a location where atmospheric pressure is 0.91 bar and vapour pressure as 0.035 bar (abs) and is to pump water against a head of 25 $\mathrm{m}$ . What is the maximum permissible suction lift head? Neglect frictional losses in the suction pipe.

9.a. Explain flow processes through Axial flow compressor with h-S diagram for single stage.

9.b. A centrifugal compressor running at 10000 rpm delivers 660 $\mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{min}$ of air. The air is compressed from lbar and $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to a pressure ratio of 4 with an isentropic efficiency of 82$\% . \mathrm{Blades}$ are radial at outlet of the impeller and flow velocity of 62 $\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}$ may be assumed throughout constant. The outer radius of the impeller is twice the inner and the slip factor may be assumed as $0.9 .$ The blade area coefficient may be assumed $0,9$ at outlet, Determine,(i) Final temperature of the air (ii) Theoretical power (iii) Impeller diameter at inlet and outlet.(iv) Bredth of the impeller at inlet (v) Impeller blade angle at inlet (vi) Diffuser blade angle at inlet. $\mathrm{R}=287 \mathrm{J} / \mathrm{kgK}, \mathrm{Cp}=1.005 \mathrm{KJ} / \mathrm{kgK} .$

10.a. Explain surging and choking in axial flow compressor.

10.b. Define (i) Flow coefficient and (ii) Blade loading Coefficient.