Mode 1 : When the terminal $\mathrm{M}_{1}$ is positive with respect to $\mathrm{M}_{2}$ and a positive gate voltage is applied; the TRIAC behaves like a conventional thyristor. In this mode, the cathode is connected to the $n_{2}-$ layer, the anode is connected to the $p_{1}$ -layer, and the $p_{2}$ -layer …