Gross errors

These errors are mainly due to mistakes in taking readings or handling instruments, incorrect settings and adjustments,improper use and application of instruments. These errors are also called as personal errors.These errors can be mathematically treated.

The complete elimination of gross error is not possible as the human prescence is involved in the measurement. However,these errors can be minimised by taking careful observation of the reading. The instrument should not be loaded.Without relying on one reading, more readings should be taken by different people in order to avoid readings with same error.

Systematic errors

These errors are referred to as fixed errors. These errors are due to shortcomings of the instruments, such as defective components or parts and the effect of surrounding on the instrument or by the user due to improper setting conditions or incorrect procedure of mesurement.

Schematic errors

The schematic errors is subdivided as static and dynamic errors.Static errors are due to limitations of instruments or the laws governing its operation. The dynamic errors are due to slow response of the instrument to follow the changes in readings.

Random errors

These errors are due to unknown cause and occur invariably even after the gross and systematic errors have been accounted for. These errors are called as Random errors. These errors are small and follow the law of probability. These errors can be treated mathematically. These errors differ in values when repeated measurements of the same variable is made.