An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 18 and a cut-off ratio of 2.2. At the beginning of the compression process, air is at 95 kPa and 28 ∘ C. Accounting for the variation of specific heats with temperature, determine (a) the volume at the beginning of the process.

Given values: - The initial temperature is $T_{1}=28^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

• The initial pressure is $P_{1}=95 \mathrm{kPa}$.

• The compression ratio is $r=18$.

• The cut-off ratio is $r_{c}=2.2$. Assumptions:

(1) The air standard assumptions are applicable.

(2) The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.

(3) Air is an ideal gas with variable …